Week 12-Social and Ethical Issues

Lecture summary

This week's lecture concentrate on the social and ethical issues associated with the ICT-based information system. Examples of such social and ethical issues include; copyright, interlectual property plagiarism, privacya, security and lastly freedom of speech. Such problems occur becuase the internet is an open protocol with no enforceable standards. In addition, anyone can publish material regardless of whether the information is bias or unethical. To ensure such problems does not arise, one must always acknowledge the work of others. Likewise, they must also reference the work of others even though, they did not make any direct quote. In addition, ensure you reference correctly. Lastly, always copy and paste url when copying and pasting informations for your own personal note making. There are certain measures one can take to protect themself on the world wide web. One thing you can do is istall a firewall which will protect you against probe and unsolicited monitering. Above all, never give personal information about yourself. In addition do not reply to spam mail. likewise, turn off your "auto-reply".

Tutorial summary

Week twelve tutorial is comprised of three activities. The first activity looks at, the Australian copyright council. From this, we are required to select five which are most relevant to us as undergraduate. The second task required us to visit the APRA site. After reading the content, we are then required to explain what we need to know about music. The last task invovl us using several websites to develop a plan which one can use to protect themselves from the dangers associated with the world wide web.

1. Visit the website for the Australian copyright council. http://www.copyright.org.au/
a. Click on the link to the page Copyright Information, then All Information Sheets.

b. Choose FIVE information sheets that are or will be relevant to you as an undergraduate and read them. Record your findings from those sheets in your log.

Websites: creating and publishing on the internet

Firstly, one must understand that their website as a whole may not be protected. Nevertheless, components of the website such as, artwork and musics are protected under copyright. There is no formal registration required to ensure that your content is copyrighted. A content automatically becomes copyright protected assuming it is original and not copied from another copyright protected source. On the contrary, you must ensure that an agreement is formed prior to the production of the website. This agreement will act as a guide to who is the copyright owner for the various components of the website. On another note, content that are copyright protected in Australia, are also copyright protected in other foreign countries.

Internet: copying and downloading

Once again, the process whereby a material becomes copyright protected is automatic.

The fact that many materials are available over the internet, does not by any chance suggest that they are copright-free. One can avoid the infringement of copyright if they express information found on the web in their own way. On another note, one must be aware not to download materials such as music found on various website before the release date as there is a high likelihood the copies are pirated and you will infringe copyright . One does not infringe copyright if they print or copy information from the web for research purposes. It is also possible for someone to foreward email massage but beware as many complication can arise.

Computer software

computer software and novels or poem are all copyright protected in similar ways. They are protected as literacy work. Once you have purchase a programme, you automatically attain the right to use it. Likewise, it allows you to make backup copies of the programe. Nevertheless, there is no general right to copy the programes for your own personal use. A copyright owner has the right to reproduce, publish or communicate the materials in anyway they please. Fair dealing of the copyright material in some case will not infringe copyright assuming it's only use for that particular purpose such as reporting news and givng legal advice. Government are allowed to use copyright material without permission considering it's for government function

only.

Ideas: legal protection

Copyright does not protect ideas, but it does protect works whereby the idea is expressed, described or put into-effect. If one tell another of a confidential idea and that idea was used in a way that was not permitted, then the first person have a legal claim for breach of copyright. An idea which is an invention or a new method of manufacture may be registrable as a patent. In addition, a design for a functional article maybe registrable under the Design acts. Lastly, an image used to build up a traders reputation can not be used by another to build up their reputaion. Should this occur, then the trader has the right to take legal action against the other.

Games

A game as a whole does not have a category of copyright protection. Nevertheless, components of the game such as artwork will will be copyright protected. on another note, names, ideas and or concepts are not copyright protected. One may rely on other areas of the law to protect aspects of their game.

2. Go to the APRA site http://www.apra.com.au/music-users/online_mobile/online_mobile.asp and explain in your learning log what you need to know about music and web.

At this time in age, many things have become digitalised. Many things can be downloaded with the click of a button. With this, comes the misconception that music download over the internet are somehow free. The creative work and talent of the composers are being exploited in one way or another. It is beyond doubt that the creative work of composers and songwriters add value to online bussiness and services. Likewis, it has been found if a website has music on it, then the customer is most likely to browse the website for a longer period. Nevertheless, we must remember that any use of copyright music, require the appropriate clearance to be obtained. All in all, when downloading musics, always consider the circumstances of the composers. While you obtaining their creative work for free, remember they are not getting paid.

3. Using the following sites for reference, write a plan to protect yourself from attacks on your privacy and security. It should cover the threats of viruses, Trojans and how you can protect your own personal information. http://netsecurity.about.com/ http://computer.howstuffworks.com/virus6.htm http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,2100282,00.asp

There are a number of measures which you can take to protect yourself from attacks on your privacy and security. Before that, you must first look at a number of viruses. Viruses are simply small pieces of software which attach themselves onto a real programe such as spreadsheet. Opening the spreadsheet then gives the opportunity to spread onto other files. One of the most known is Trojan horse. It's simply a programe which claims to do one thing yet it does another thing such as erasing your hard disk when you run it. Unlike other viruses, Trojan horse doesn't have the ability to replicate. If you are worried about traditional viruses, then I suggest that you use UNIX as this is the most effective opperating system. Secondly, installing virus protection software is another way which you can protect yourself. In addition, ensure that macro virus protection is enable in all microsoft applications. One of the most effective way to protect yourself is to avoid opening documents from unknown sources. Likewise, never double click on email attachments that has executable. Not doing so, will give them permission to do as they please. Since viruses can be obtained from email attachments, never reply to spam mails and never give away your personal details.

Week Twelve: Reading (URL) - EFF's Top 12 Ways to Protect Your Online Privacy

There are atleast twelve ways in which one can protect their privacy online.

Firstly, one must never reveal their personal information inadvertently.

Also, remember to turn on cookie notices in your Web browser, and use cookie management software or infomediaries

Try and have atleast two email address where one will be use for nonsense and the other will be used for private purposes only.

Secondly, one must never reveal personal details to strangers.

One may be monitored at work

Realize you may be monitored at work, avoid sending highly personal e-mail to mailing lists, and keep sensitive files on your home computer.

Beware sites that offer some sort of reward or prize in exchange for your contact information or other personal details.

Do not reply to spammers, for any reason.

Be conscious of Web security.

Be conscious of home computer security.

Reading Summary 2 - Ethics in Computing - Social Justice Issues:Electronic Monitoring

Ethics in computing is about electronic monitoring of others activity. There are several hyperlinks on the types of monitoring. Also, several hyperlinks of privacy and legal issues were included. The article also contains some suggestion of ideas in defense of employees. In addition, it has stories and articles included under each topic.
The main concerns of monitoring in the workplace are mainly related to blogging, time management and privacy concerns.
Blogging represents a monitoring risk in the workplace as private thoughts put online can be seen by anyone.
Time management is the way in which employers can monitor his/ her employee. To do this, the employers has programs which can monitor what WebPages their employee visit on the company’s computer and also use video surveillance which allows company to keep records of an employee’s activity.
Privacy concern, allows the company to know what calls an employee make from the company and even record the phone call itself.
Protecting yourself:
If you have a blog, avoid blogging about work.
Be aware of your company’s policies such as find out what information they record and how often it is checked.
Avoid personal use of company equipment. For example playing games and talking on the phone for long hour/s.
URL: http://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/social/workplace/monitoring/

Reading Summary 3 - Brown & Michaels - Overview of Intellectual Property

It is always hard to figure out how to protect your ideas in the virtual world. There are several measures you can take to determine what kind protection is appropriate. This page concentrates on the basic kind of intellectual property protection such as Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights.1. Patents= are useful things. There are three main typed of Patents:
Utility Patents= a machines, an article of manufacturer and a method of doing something.
Plant Patents= granted to anyone who invents or discovers and sexually reproduces a new variety of certain kind of plants.
Design Patents= covers the ornamental appearance of a useful device but not its foundation.
2. Trademarks= covers the name or symbol which represents the source of a product or service.
3. Copyright= protects works of authorship and composition or artistry. It covers books, sculpture, paintings r photograph, computer programs, movies and records and etc.
URL: http://www.bpmlegal.com/overview.html

Reference for week 1-12 post

(A, 2008; bare bones Lesson 7: Basic Search Tips", 2006 ; Barry M. Leiner, Robert E. Kahn, & Jon Postel, 2003;

C, 2003; Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza)," 2008; Griffiths, 2002; Haggis hunt,"

2007;

Luis, 2008; stephenson M; schwitz M, 2008; Martin Luther King;

Microsoft Word Training," 2008; miller,

2008; Republic of molossia," 2008; Thompson, 2004; Tyson, 2001; Welcome to PC Lube and Tune,")A, m. (2008). Kick it like klejestan. Journal, 20(5), 44bare bones Lesson 7: Basic Search Tips(2006 ). Retrieved 12th april 2008, 2008, from http://myecu.ecu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_154713_1%26url%3DBarry M. Leiner, V. G. C., David D. Clark,, Robert E. Kahn, L. K., Daniel C. Lynch,, & Jon Postel, L. G. R., Stephen Wolff (2003). A Brief History of the Internet. Retrieved 10th april 2008, 2008, from http://myecu.ecu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_154713_1%26url%3DC, P. (2003). Using Microsoft Word. Journal. Retrieved from http://myecu.ecu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_154713_1%26url%3DDanshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). (2008). Retrieved 2 april 2008, 2008, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-danshen.htmlGriffiths, B. R. T. (2002, october 11 2002). History of the Internet, Internet for Historians. Retrieved 11april 2008, 2008, from http://myecu.ecu.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1&url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_154713_1%26url%3DHaggis hunt. (2007). Retrieved 10th april 2008, 2008, from http://haggishunt.scotsman.com/

Week 11-Building Knowledge

Lecture summary

Week eleven lecture mainly concentrate on the terms: data, information and knowledge. The definition for these three terms are as follow:

» Datum: A fact or proposition
» Information: A collection of facts or data that relate to each other
» Knowledge: The sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned

Knowlege is usually very judgemental and above all, very valuable.

A data is factual but non judgemental. In addition, it is non valuable and must be quantitative rather than qualitative.

Next, information refers to understanding relations while knowledge refer to understanding patterns. Data and information are two terms which are correlated to one another. Data exist but have no meaning or significance. Likewise, information doesn't need to have meaning but unlike data, "Information is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection".

Knowledge was defined as the sum or range of what have been percieved, discovered or learned. Unlike information, knowledge is intented to be useful. These three key terms are the building blocks for the process which are taken following the commencement of an assignment.

» Data – usually relates to the research phase of your assignment

»Information – usually relates to the building phase of your assignment

» Knowledge – usually relates to the composition phase of your

Due to technical difficulties graphical representation of the relationship between data, information, knowledge and wisdom had to be displayed below. I apologise for any inconvinience. This representation relates to section 2.

Tutorial summary

Week eleven tutorial consist of four main tasks. The first task require us to use online dictionaries to compile a definition for the folowing four terms: data, information, knowledge and wisdom. The second task invovles finding alternative ways of representing these terms. In addition, it require us to take a screen shot. The third task require us to briefly outline erstanding the relationship between these four terms can assist in our university study. Lastly, we are required to make a list of five organisation which collect information from their clients or the public. In addition, we are required to state why such orgainsations collect information from their clients or the public.

1. Brows the following webpage http://www.success.co.il/is/dik.html and use the Internet to find some dictionaries that you can look up the terms data, information, knowledge and wisdom. If you are stuck - this is a good place to start http://dir.yahoo.com/Reference/Dictionaries
a. From this research compile your own definition for terms data, information, knowledge and wisdom and record the definitions in your Learning log

An online dictionary definition for the following terms are as follow:

Data:The word "data" is commonly used to refer to records or recordings encoded for use in computer, but is more widely used to refer to statistical (Prof. Michael Buckland, University of California, Berkeley, USA)

Information:Information is facts, figures, and other forms of meaningful representations that when encountered by or presented to a human being are used to enhance his/her understanding of a subject or related topics (Prof. Haidar Moukdad, Dalhousie University, Canada)

Knowledge:Knowledge is knowing, familiarity gained by experience; person's range of information; a theoretical or practical understanding of; the sum of what is known (Prof. Elsa Barber, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Wisdom:the quality of being wise; power of judging rightly and following the soundest course of action, based on knowledge, experience, understanding, etc.; good judgment; sagacity (http://www.yourdictionary.com/wisdom)

2. Use the lecture slides and a search of web for alternative ways to represent these terms. Use the drawing toolbar in MS Word to create a graphical representation of these terms (don’t just copy the one used in the lecture).
a. create a screen-capture and include in your learning log

3. Outline briefly how understanding the relationship between data, information and knowledge can assist your university study - include this in your Learning Log.

As mentioned earlier, these three terms are the building blocks for undertaking any assessment. Once you know what you are looking for, it is then that you can look for relevant data e.g. facts and statistics which you can use to backup your observation or statements. Secondly, once you have collected the relevant data, you are able to piece it together in a manner that it will draw meaning to your assessment. Likewise, you are then able to visualise patterns which will help you to structure your work and draw a conlcusion. Lastly, you are able to make a personal judgement base on the information which you have collected. In addition, you are able to interpret the data and begin to develop your own understanding of the topic. Likewise, you are able to summarise the content and put forward some recommendation.

4. Make a list of at least 5 organisations that collect information from their clients or the public. Can you think of a reason why they might collect this information?

Centrelink: Centrelike is a government organisation set up to help individuals look for work and also to provide them with fortnightly allowance. They require information about your income, status and also occupation. This is of great importance because it allow them to assess your individual needs and condition. In addition, it allow them to offer you the right service whether it invovle looking for a job or fortnightly payment.

Insurance campany: An insurance campany collect information about the value and sizes of your assets. It is of great importance that they collect this information because it allow them to calculate the amount required to insure these assets.

Transperth: Transperth collect information from the public about the efficiency of their service. This is of great importance because it allow them to evaluate their performance and

Police:
Police collect information from the public about criminal activities which are taking place or incidences which has occurred along time ago. They collect this information for several reasons. Firstly, it helps them to prevent the intended criminal activity from occurring. Secondly, it may give them the missing information required to convict an offered or to solve an unsolved case. It is of great importance for them to collect this information because it’s their way of ensuring the safety of the general public.

Political parties:
Political parties collect information from the public for several reasons. Firstly they collect information about the living condition of working families and what they value as the most important. Secondly, they collect information from the public about which party is most preferred by the public. It is through this, that they are then able to modify their campaign in order to persuade the public to vote for them as the most desired party.

Reading summary 1+2 - Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom
The reading http://www.systems-thinking.org/dikw/dikw.htm, provided definitions to data, information, and knowledge. It explained the relationship between them. The content of the human mind can be classified into five categories:
1. Data: which is symbol.
2. Information: the data that are meant to be useful and also provides answer to who, what, where and when questions.
3. Knowledge: is the collection of data and information and answers the how question.
4. Understanding: approval to the answer to why question.
5. Wisdom: evaluated understanding.
The first categories relate to the past. They deal with what has been or what is known. The fifth category deals with the future. With wisdom, people can create the future. They can take hold of the present and the past and create the future.
The second reading, http://otec.uoregon.edu/data-wisdom.htm, was on the information library Tutorial that provided several links. There were also sites to guide the students. These guides were:
The Production of Knowledge,
The Organization of Knowledge,
From Thesis to Search Strategy,
Fundamentals of Online Searching,
Using Reference Resources,
Citing Your Sources,
Copyright and Fair Use.
The site contained links to handouts, to help guide the students.